1. Introduction to the CPA Profession
- 1.1 Overview of CPA Canada
- 1.2 The CPA Designation
- 1.3 Ethical Responsibilities
2. CPA Certification Program Structure
- 2.1 Entry Requirements
- 2.2 CPA Competency Map
- 2.3 CPA Preparatory Courses
3. CPA Professional Education Program (CPA PEP)
- 3.1 Program Structure and Timeline
- 3.2 Core Modules Details
  - 3.2.1 Core 1: Financial Accounting and Reporting
  - 3.2.2 Core 2: Management Accounting
- 3.3 Elective Modules Options
- 3.4 Capstone Modules Significance
  - 3.4.1 Capstone 1: Integrative Module
  - 3.4.2 Capstone 2: Examination Preparation
4. Practical Experience Requirements
- 4.1 Gaining Practical Experience
- 4.2 Competency Development
- 4.3 Navigating the Workplace
5. Preparing for the Common Final Examination (CFE)
- 5.1 Understanding the CFE
- 5.2 Study Planning
- 5.3 Case Writing Techniques
- 5.4 Exam Day Strategies
- 5.5 Utilizing CPA Canada Resources
6. Business Law
- 6.1 Contract Law
  - 6.1.1 Elements of a Contract
  - 6.1.2 Breach of Contract and Remedies
- 6.2 Corporate Law
  - 6.2.1 Types of Business Entities
  - 6.2.2 Directors' Duties and Liabilities
- 6.3 Employment and Labour Law
  - 6.3.1 Employment Standards
  - 6.3.2 Workplace Health and Safety
- 6.4 Commercial Law
  - 6.4.1 Sale of Goods
  - 6.4.2 Consumer Protection
7. Financial Reporting
- 7.1 International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
  - 7.1.1 Framework and Principles
  - 7.1.2 Application in Canada
- 7.2 Accounting Standards for Private Enterprises (ASPE)
  - 7.2.1 Key Differences from IFRS
  - 7.2.2 When to Apply ASPE
- 7.3 Public Sector Accounting Standards (PSAS)
  - 7.3.1 Overview of PSAS
  - 7.3.2 Financial Reporting in Government
- 7.4 Complex Accounting Issues
8. Strategy and Governance
- 8.1 Strategic Analysis Tools
  - 8.1.1 SWOT Analysis
  - 8.1.2 PESTEL Analysis
- 8.2 Corporate Governance Principles
  - 8.2.1 Board Responsibilities
  - 8.2.2 Stakeholder Management
- 8.3 Risk Management Frameworks
  - 8.3.1 Identifying Risks
  - 8.3.2 Mitigating Strategies
9. Management Accounting
- 9.1 Cost Management Systems
  - 9.1.1 Job Order Costing
  - 9.1.2 Activity-Based Costing
- 9.2 Budgeting and Forecasting Techniques
  - 9.2.1 Flexible Budgets
  - 9.2.2 Variance Analysis
- 9.3 Performance Measurement and Control
10. Audit and Assurance
- 10.1 Audit Processes and Standards
  - 10.1.1 Audit Planning and Risk Assessment
  - 10.1.2 Audit Evidence and Documentation
- 10.2 Assurance Engagements
  - 10.2.1 Types of Engagements
  - 10.2.2 Reporting Standards
- 10.3 Ethical Standards in Auditing
  - 10.3.1 Independence and Objectivity
  - 10.3.2 Confidentiality Requirements
11. Finance
- 11.1 Financial Analysis and Planning
  - 11.1.1 Ratio Analysis
  - 11.1.2 Cash Flow Management
- 11.2 Corporate Financing Options
  - 11.2.1 Equity Financing
  - 11.2.2 Debt Financing
- 11.3 Investment Decision-Making
  - 11.3.1 Capital Budgeting Techniques
  - 11.3.2 Risk and Return Analysis
12. Taxation
- 12.1 Canadian Tax Principles
  - 12.1.1 Income Tax Act Overview
  - 12.1.2 Tax Calculation Basics
- 12.2 Personal Taxation
  - 12.2.1 Employment Income
  - 12.2.2 Deductions and Credits
- 12.3 Corporate Taxation
  - 12.3.1 Business Income
  - 12.3.2 Tax Planning Strategies
- 12.4 Tax Compliance and Planning
  - 12.4.1 Filing Requirements
  - 12.4.2 Tax Avoidance vs. Evasion
13. Professional and Ethical Behaviour
- 13.1 Upholding Integrity and Objectivity
  - 13.1.1 Avoiding Conflicts of Interest
  - 13.1.2 Transparency in Reporting
- 13.2 Confidentiality and Professional Judgment
  - 13.2.1 Protecting Client Information
  - 13.2.2 Exercising Due Care
- 13.3 Ethical Dilemmas and Resolution
  - 13.3.1 Identifying Ethical Issues
  - 13.3.2 Resolution Frameworks
- 13.4 Ethics in the Digital Age
14. Information Technology and Innovation in Accounting
- 14.1 Role of IT in Accounting
  - 14.1.1 Accounting Information Systems
  - 14.1.2 Data Security
- 14.2 Systems and Controls
  - 14.2.1 Internal Controls
  - 14.2.2 IT General Controls
- 14.3 Emerging Technologies
- 14.4 Data Analytics Tools and Techniques
15. Problem-Solving and Decision-Making
- 15.1 Analytical Thinking
  - 15.1.1 Critical Analysis Techniques
  - 15.1.2 Logical Reasoning
- 15.2 Decision-Making Models
  - 15.2.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis
  - 15.2.2 Decision Trees
- 15.3 Applying Professional Skepticism
  - 15.3.1 Questioning Mindset
  - 15.3.2 Evaluating Evidence
- 15.4 Professional Judgment Frameworks
  - 15.4.1 KPMG Professional Judgment Framework
  - 15.4.2 Avoiding Cognitive Biases
16. Communication Skills
- 16.1 Effective Written Communication
  - 16.1.1 Report Writing
  - 16.1.2 Email Etiquette
- 16.2 Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication
  - 16.2.1 Presentation Skills
  - 16.2.2 Active Listening
- 16.3 Tailoring Messages to Audiences
  - 16.3.1 Understanding Stakeholders
  - 16.3.2 Cultural Considerations
17. Self-Management
- 17.1 Time and Priority Management
  - 17.1.1 Goal Setting
  - 17.1.2 Productivity Tools
- 17.2 Continuous Learning and Development
  - 17.2.1 Professional Development Plans
  - 17.2.2 Lifelong Learning Strategies
- 17.3 Adaptability and Resilience
  - 17.3.1 Coping with Change
  - 17.3.2 Stress Management Techniques
- 17.4 Emotional Intelligence
  - 17.4.1 Understanding Emotional Intelligence
  - 17.4.2 Applying Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace
18. Teamwork and Leadership
- 18.1 Dynamics of Effective Teams
  - 18.1.1 Roles and Responsibilities
  - 18.1.2 Team Collaboration
- 18.2 Leadership Styles and Theories
  - 18.2.1 Transformational Leadership
  - 18.2.2 Situational Leadership
- 18.3 Conflict Resolution Strategies
  - 18.3.1 Mediation Techniques
  - 18.3.2 Negotiation Skills
19. Regulatory Compliance
- 19.1 Anti-Money Laundering (AML)
  - 19.1.1 Regulations and Compliance Requirements
  - 19.1.2 Identifying and Reporting Suspicious Activities
- 19.2 Privacy Regulations
  - 19.2.1 Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA)
  - 19.2.2 Compliance Strategies
- 19.3 Environmental Regulations
  - 19.3.1 Environmental Reporting
  - 19.3.2 Impact on Business Operations
20. International Business and Global Accounting
- 20.1 Globalization and Accounting
  - 20.1.1 International Accounting Standards
  - 20.1.2 Multinational Corporations
- 20.2 Cross-Border Transactions
  - 20.2.1 Foreign Exchange
  - 20.2.2 Transfer Pricing
- 20.3 International Taxation
  - 20.3.1 Tax Treaties
  - 20.3.2 Taxation of Foreign Income
- 20.4 Cultural Competence in International Business
  - 20.4.1 Understanding Cultural Differences
  - 20.4.2 Adapting to Global Work Environments
21. Emerging Issues in Accounting
- 21.1 Sustainability Reporting
  - 21.1.1 Environmental Accounting
  - 21.1.2 Social Responsibility Metrics
- 21.2 Corporate Social Responsibility
  - 21.2.1 CSR Reporting Standards
  - 21.2.2 Stakeholder Engagement
- 21.3 Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Factors
  - 21.3.1 ESG Investment Criteria
  - 21.3.2 Reporting Frameworks
- 21.4 Environmental Accounting
  - 21.4.1 Accounting for Environmental Costs
  - 21.4.2 Sustainability Reporting Frameworks
22. Building Your CPA Career
- 22.1 Networking and Professional Relationships
  - 22.1.1 Networking Strategies
  - 22.1.2 Professional Associations
- 22.2 Personal Branding and Reputation Management
  - 22.2.1 Online Presence
  - 22.2.2 Professional Image
- 22.3 Opportunities for Specialization
  - 22.3.1 Industry Sectors
  - 22.3.2 Niche Services
23. Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
- 23.1 CPD Requirements for CPAs
  - 23.1.1 Annual Compliance
  - 23.1.2 Verifiable vs. Non-Verifiable Activities
- 23.2 Planning Your Professional Development
  - 23.2.1 Assessing Competency Gaps
  - 23.2.2 Setting CPD Goals
- 23.3 Resources and Programs Available
  - 23.3.1 CPA Canada Offerings
  - 23.3.2 External Providers
24. Leadership and Influence in the Profession
- 24.1 Leading in the Accounting Profession
  - 24.1.1 Thought Leadership
  - 24.1.2 Advocacy Roles
- 24.2 Ethical Leadership
  - 24.2.1 Leading by Example
  - 24.2.2 Promoting Ethical Culture
- 24.3 Mentoring and Coaching Others
  - 24.3.1 Mentor-Mentee Relationships
  - 24.3.2 Developing Future Professionals
25. Resources and Appendices
- 25.1 CPA Provincial and Regional Bodies
  - 25.1.1 Contact Information
  - 25.1.2 Services Provided
- 25.2 Sample Case Studies and Solutions
  - 25.2.1 Practice Cases for Core Modules
  - 25.2.2 Model Responses and Analysis
- 25.3 Glossary of Terms
  - 25.3.1 Key Definitions
  - 25.3.2 Acronyms in Accounting
- 25.4 Comprehensive Exam Preparation Strategies
  - 25.4.1 Techniques from Successful Candidates
  - 25.4.2 Recommended Study Materials
- 25.5 CPA Code of Professional Conduct (Excerpts)
  - 25.5.1 Essential Principles
  - 25.5.2 Application in Practice
- 25.6 Additional Resources
  - 25.6.1 Recommended Reading
  - 25.6.2 Professional Organizations and Associations

15.3 Applying Professional Skepticism

In this section

Questioning Mindset in CPA: Mastering Professional Skepticism
Explore the essential questioning mindset for CPAs, fostering critical assessment and inquiry to excel in problem-solving and decision-making.
Evaluating Evidence: Mastering CPA Exam Skills
Learn how to effectively evaluate evidence in accounting, a crucial skill for CPA exams and professional practice. This comprehensive guide covers techniques, examples, and strategies to enhance your decision-making capabilities.

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15.2 Decision-Making Models

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15.3 Applying Professional Skepticism

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